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 | | موضوع: ترجمة معاني القرآن الكريم بين الواقع والمأمول - ملتقى أهل التفسير الخميس يوليو 29, 2010 8:04 am | |
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1- ?????
???? ??? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????? (Bible)[1] ?????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ?? ??? ???????? ?? ????? ????? ??? ????? ???????? ?? ??? ??????? ??????? ??????????? ???????? ??????? ??????????? ??????? ?? ???????? ?????????? ??????? ????? ???? ????????? ?? ?????? ????? ???????? ???????? ???? ????? ????? ????????? ???????? ?????????? ?????? ?? ?? ????????. ?????? ??? ???? ?? ?? ??????? - ?? ??? ????? ??? ???? - ????? ??? 2009 ??? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ??? ????? 97% ?? ??? ???? ??????[2]? ???????? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ?? ???? ???????? ?? ???? ???? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ????? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ???????? ???? ?? ????? ?? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ????????? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ???????. ??????? ????? ??????? ???????:
2- ????? ????? ?? ?? ???????? :
2.1- ????? ????? ???????
???? ????? ?????[3] (Eugene Nida) ????? ????? ??????? ??? ???? ????? ???: ??????? ????????? ????????? (??? ???? 200 ??? ??????? ???700 ???????)? ?????? ??????? (Reformation) (?? ??????? ?????? ??? ??????? ??? ??????????)? ???????? ??????? ???? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ???????? ?????? ??? ????? ???????? ?? ?? ???? ??????? ?????????.
2.1.1- ??????? ????????? ?????????
???? ???? ???????? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ??????? ????????? (Septuagint) ????????? ????? ??????[4] ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ???????? ???? ???? ??????? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ???? ??????? ?? ???????? ????????? ???? ???? ????? ??? ??????? ????????? ????????? ???? ??????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??? ?????????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??? ??? ?? ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ????????? ???????? (??????? ????????) ??? ?? ????????? ????????? ?????????? ???????? ????????? ??????? ???????. ??? ??? ???????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ????? ??? ??? ????????? ?????? ????? (St. Jerome) ?? ????? ????? ?????? ???????? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ??? ???????? (Vulgate)? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ????? (Apocrypha) ??? ????????? ??? 406 ???????? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ??????? ?????? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ??? ?? ?????? ?? ???????.
2.1.2- ????? ??????? ??
????? ????? ??? ??????? ??? ????? ??????: ??? ????? ????? ???? ??? ?? ????????? ???????? ??????? ????? ??? ???????? ??????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ??????????? ????????? ??????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ?????????? ??????? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ??????.
????? ??? ????????? ???? ????? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ?????? ?????????? ???????? (English Revised Version) ??????? ??? 1885?? ??????? ????????? ???????? (American Standard Version) ??????? ??? 1901?? ???????? ??????? ??????? (Revised Standard Bible) ?????? ??? 1952?? ???????? ??????? ?????? ?????? (New Revised Standard Bible) ?????? ??? 1989?. ?????????? ???????? ???????? ??????????? ??? ??????? ???????? ?????? (New American Bible) ?????? ??? 1970?? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ????????? ???????? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ???????? ????????? ?????? (New English Bible) ?????? ??? 1970? ?????.
???? ?????[5] ?? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ??????? ??? ?????? ?. ?. ?????? (J. B. Phillips) ?????? ??????? Letters to Young Churches? ?? "????? ??? ??????? ??????" ?????? ?? 1950? ? ???? ??? ??? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????????? ??????? (Today’s English Version) ???? ???? ???? 1966? ?1976?? ???????? ???? (The Living Bible) ?????? ??? 1971?? ????? ???????? ??????? ???? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ???????? ???? ???? ?? ?????.
2.1.3- ???????? ?????????
????????? ????????? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ?????: ????? ????? ?? ??? ????????? ?????????? ??????? ??? ???????? ???? (Adoniram Judson) ???? ???? ??????? ??? ????????? ?????? ??????? (Robert Morrison) ???? ???? ??????? ??? ???????? ????? ???? (William Carey) ??????? ????? ?????? ??????? ??? ??? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ????? (Henry Martyn) ???? ???? ??????? ??? ?????? ??????? ????????? ????????? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ???? ???????? ??? ???? ???? ??? ??? ???????? ???? ??? ????? ??????? ??????? ??? ???? ?? ????? ????? "????? ???????"? ????????? ???????? ?? ????? ???????? ???? ????? ??????? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ?? ?????? ???. ??? ????? ??? ???????? ?????? ?????? ??????? (Wycliffe Bible Translators)? ??????? ?????? ??????? (Lutheran Bible Translators)? ??????? ??????? ?????????? (Evangel Bible Translators)? ?????? ??????? ?????? (Pioneer Bible Translators). ????? ??? ?????? ??? ??????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ???????? ?????? (Summer Institute of Linguistics) ?? ???? ??? ??????? ???? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? 347 ??? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ??? 800 ??? ????? ??????? ??????? ??????? (United Bible Societies)? ???? ?? ????? ?? ??? ????? ????? ?? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ??? ?????? ????? ??????? ????? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ???????? ??? 90% ?? ???? ??????? ????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ???? ?????? ??????? ??? ???? ?? 550 ???.
2.2- ????? ????? ????? ?????? ??????[6]
?? ????? ??? ???? ??? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?? ??? ?????? r? ??? ?? ??? ??? ???? ?? "??????? ??????"[7] ?? ????? ???? ???? r ???? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ?????[8]? ???? ??????? ???? ????? ???? ???? r ????? ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ??? ??? ?????? ??? ??????? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ???????: } ???? ??????? ??????? ??? ?????? ?????? ???? ????????? ??????????? ?????????? ??????????? ????????????? ?????????? ??????????? ?????????????? ????????? ??????? ?????? ???????????{ (?????:23)? ? }??? ?????? ?????????? ??? ????????? ??? ????????? ????? ?????????? ????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ?????????? ?????? ??? ???????? ??????? ?????? ???????????? ?????????? ????? ????????{ (??????:171)[9]? ???? ?? ??? ?? ???? t? ??? ?????? ??? ???????? ??? ?????? ????? ???? ???? r ??? ????? ???? ?????? ???????? ??? ?????? r ??? ??????? ???? ?????: }???? ??? ?????? ?????????? ?????????? ????? ???????? ?????? ????????? ???????????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ????? ???????? ???? ??????? ????? ????????? ????????? ??????? ?????????? ???? ????? ??????{ (?? ?????: 64).
???? ??? ????? ?? ??????? ??? ???? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ??????? ??? ????? ??? ??? ????? ????? ????? ?? ????? ???? ??????? ??? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? "???????"? ?? ???? ?????? (1/37)? ?? ????? ????? ??? ????? ??????? t ?? ???? ??? ??????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ??? ?? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ???????? ??? "??????? ????? ???????" ???? ??????? (1/86? ????? 1) ?????? ???? ??? ????: "????? ??? ????? ??????? t ?? ???? ??? ??????? ????????? ????: ??? ???? ?????? ??????/???? ????? ????????.... ?????? ??? ???? ??? ????? r? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ????? r? ????? ????? ????? ???? ??????? ????? ???? ??????: "?? ???? ??? ?????? ??????" ".
????? ?????? ?????? (Alphonse Mingana) ?? ????? ????? "????? ??????? ????? ??????"[10] ?? ????????? ?????????? ??????? ??? 1171?? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????????? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ??? ??????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ???????? ???? ?????? ???????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ???????? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ??? ????????? ?? ??????? ????? ???????.
????? ??????? ??????? ?? ????? L’Islam ?? "???????" ?? ???????? ???????? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ????? ?????? ??????? ??? ?????? ??? ????????? ???? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ???????.
???? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ????? "????? ????? ??????" (? 2-3) ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ????????? ???? ??? ?? ????? ??? ???????.
??? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ?? ??? ???????? ????? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ??? 345?? ?? ??????? ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ???????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ?? ????? ????? ????? ????? ??????.
???? ???????? ?? ????? "????? ?????? ???????" (1/432) ?? ??? ??? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ??????? ???????? (??????? 303 ??) ???? ????? ?????? ???? ???????.
????? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ?????????[11] ????? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ??????? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????? ???????? ?? ?????. ????????? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ????????? ??:
????????: ??? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ????????? ?? ??????? ???????? ???? ??? ??? 345?? ?? ??? ????? ???????? ??? ???? ????? ?? ??? ?? ??? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????? ?????? ???????? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ??? ???? ??????? ???????? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?? ???? ??????? ???.
???? ????? ??? ?????? ???????? ?? ????? "??????? ??????" ??????? ?????? ????? ???? ??? ??? 1837? ?????? ?? ?????.
???????: ???? ????? ??? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??? ???????? ????? ????? ???? ??? ?? ??????? ??? ???? ????? (? 1970?) ???? ?? ???? ??????? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ??? ???????? ???? ??? ????? ??????? ????? ??????? ??? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ??? ??? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ??? ??? ??????? ???????? ???? ??? ???? ??????.
????? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ?? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???? ??? ??????? ???????? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ?? ?? ????? ?????? ??????.
??? ??????? ??? ????? ???????? ??????? ??? ?? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ??????? ???? ??? ?? ????? ?? ??????? ????????.
???????: ??? ????? ??? ???? ????? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ??????? ??? ????? ??????? ??? ???? ??? ??????? ?????? ?? ????? ??? 1840?? ??? ?? ????? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ???? ?? ??? ??????? ????? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ???[12] ?? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ????? ??? ????? ????? ??? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ??? ??? ?? ???????? ???????? ?????? ???? ??? ??? ???????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ??? ????? ?? ???? ???? ??????? ????????? ????? ??????? ?? ???????[13].
???? ????? ?????? ????? ???????? ?? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ??? ??????? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ??????? ???? ??????? ??????? ???????? ????? ????? ????? ???? ??????? ?????.
??? ??? ??????? ?? ????? ??? ????? ??? ????????? ???? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ???????? ????? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ?? ?????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????????? ??????????? ??????????? ?????????? ????????.
?? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ???????? ????? ???????? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ?????????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??? ??? ?? ?????? ???: ??????????? ?????????? ??????????? ????????? ??????????? ??????????? ??????????? ??????????? ????????? ?????????.
???????? ?????? ???? ???????? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ?? "???? ????"? ???? ??? ??? ???? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ?? ?????? ?? ??????? ??? ??? ???? ?? ???? ??? ???? ??????? ?? ???? ????????[14].
2.3- ?? ??????? ?? ????????? ???????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?????? ????????:
1- ????? ????? ??????? ???? ????? ?? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ?? ??? ????? ?? ??????? ????????? (Septuagint) ????????? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ???????? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ??? ????????? ?????????? ??????? ??? 1171?? ???? ????? ??? ??? ?????????? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ?? ?????? ???? ??? ???????? ??? ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ????? ???????? ???????? ???? ??? ???? ???? (Polemic) ???? ????? ????? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ????????? ??? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???? ???? ???? ???? ???????.
2- ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ???????? ???? ??? ????? ??????? ??? ?? ?????? ??????? ???? ???????? ???????? ???? ??? ??? 345??? ?? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ??? ????? ???????? ??? ???? ????? ?? ??? ?? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???? ??? ??? ???? ???????? ?? ??? ?? ??????? ??? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ???????? ?? ????? ??????? ???? ?? ????? ??????? ??????? ???? ??????? ???????? ???? ????? ??? ?? ?? ???? ?? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ???????? ??? ???????? ????? ?????? ????? ??????? ???? ?? ??? ??????? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ?????? ??? ??? ???? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ??????? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ????? ?? ??? ??? ?? ?????? ??????? ???? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ??? ?????? ??? ????????? ???? ???? ????? ?? ????? ???? ?? ???? ????? ????????? ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ???????? ?? ?????? ??? ???? ????? )????? ??????????? ??? ???????? ?????? ????????? ???????? ??????????? ??????( (???????: 4)? ??? ??? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ???????? ?????? ????? ?? ??????? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ?? ??????? ??? ????? ??? ?? ????? ??? ???????[15]? ?? ???? ??????? ??????? ???? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ??????? ??? ?????.
3- ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ???? ???????? ?? ????? ??????? ??? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ???????? ???? ???? e? ??? ?? ???????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??? ??? ???????????? ????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ??? ??? ?? ????? ???????.
4- ?????? ??? ???????? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ???? ???????? ??? ?? ??? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ??? ???????? ?????? ?????.
3- ???? ????? ?? ?? ???????? :
?? ??? ?????? ????? ??? ???? ????? ?? ?? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ????? ??? ???????? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ??????? ??? ???????? ??? ??????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ????????.
3.1- ??????? ?????: ??? ??????:
3.1.1- ??? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ??????
???? ????????????? ???????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ??? ??? 1515-1980?? ?? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? 56 ???? ??? ??? ???????? ??????? ??????? ???? ?????? 557? ???? ???????? ??????? 883 .
??? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??? 79 ???? ??????? ??? 49 ???[16].
????? ?????? ??????? ???? ???? ???? ??? ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? "?????? ??? ????" ??? 1364?? ???? ????? ?? ??? ????? 23 ???? ??? ??? 1406?? ??? ??? ?????? 140 ??? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ?????[17].
???? ?? ??? ????????? ?????:
1- ?? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ??? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ??? ??????? ?? ?????? ????? ????? ??? ??????? ??? ?????? ??? ?????? ??????? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ??? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ???????? ???????? ?? ?????? ???????.
2- ???? ???? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ???????? ????? ???????????? ???????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? 300 ????? ????? ????? ?470 ????? ?????? ????? ???? ??????????? 295 ????? ????? ? 131 ????? ?????[18]? ????? ??? ?????? ????? ????? ????: (?) ??????? ???????? ???? ?? ???????? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ?????????? ?? ?? ??? ??? ?????? ?????????? ??????? (?) ?????? ??????? ???????? ?? ???? ??????? ??? ???? ?? ???? ?? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?????? (?) ?????? ??????? ???? ???? ???? ??????? ??? ???? ?? ????? ??? ????? ????????? ?????? ???????? ?? ????? ???? ???? ???????? ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? (?) ????? ???? ????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ???????? ?? ???????? ??? ?????. ???? ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ??? ??????? ???? ?? ?????? ??????? (??? ???? ?? 3.1.2).
3- ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???? ??? ??? ??????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????????? ?? ????? ??????? ??? ?????? ????? ??????? ??????? ??? ?????? ?????? ??? ?? ??????? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ???????? ????????? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ??? ??? ????? ??? ????[19].
3.1.2- ??? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ???????
???? ??????? ?? ??? ????? ??? ????[20] ??? 2009 ??? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ??? ????? 97% ?? ??? ???? ??????[21]. ??? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ???? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ??? ???? ??? 1982? (? 175) ?? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ?? 1500 ??? ????? ?? ????????? ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? 97% ?? ???? ??????[22]? ??? ?? ???? ??????? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??? ????? ???????? ???????? ?/ ?? ??? (Phil Noss)? ????[23] ?? ????? ??????? ????? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ?? 400 ??? ???????.
???? ?? ??? ????????? ?????:
1- ???? ?? ?????? ??????? ??? ??? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ???? ?? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ???????? ?? ???? ?????? ???????? ???? ???? ?? ????? ??????? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ??? ?? ?????? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ??? ??? ????? ?? ??????[24]? ??? ????? ???????? ?? ???? ??? ?? ???? ?? ????? ?? ????? ????? ???????.
2- ?? ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ??? ?? ????? ??????? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ??????? ???? ????? ?????????? ?? ???? ??? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ???????? ?????? ????????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????[25]? ???? ???? ?????? ??????: (?) ????? ???????? ??? ????? ?? ??????? ? (?) ??????? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ??????? ?? ??? ???????? ???????.
????? ????? ??????? ??? ??? ?? ??? ??????? ???? ????? ???? ??????? ????? ??????? ???? ???? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ?? ??? ??? ??? ???? ??? ????? ??????? ?? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ?? ????? ??? ?? ????? ??????? ??????. ??? ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? ??? ????? ???????: ?? ???? ????? ?? ???????[26]
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?????? ????? ?????? ??? ??? ???? ? ??? ?????? 47 ???? ? ???? ?????? ?? ???????? ???? ????????
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---??????? -------
[1] ?????? ???? "?????" ??????? ????? ??? ???? Bible ???????????? ? "?????? ??????" ??? ??????? ?????? ??????: ?????? ??? ???? "?????" ????? ????????? ?????? ????: "??? ???????" ? "????? ???????"? ???????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????. ????? ??? ??????? (Gospel) ??? ?? ????? ??????? ??? ??? ???? ?? ????? ?? Bible. ????? ?? ??? ?? ????? "??????" ??????? ?????????.
[2] Nida, E. (2001) “Bible translation”. In M. Baker (ed.) Encyclopedia of Translation Studies. Routledge: London. Pp. 22-28.
[3] ????? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ???? ?? ???? ????? ???????? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ???? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?????? Towards a Science of Translation? ??: "??? ??? ???????"? ?? ??? ?? ??????? ???? ????? ??????? ??? ????????? ????? ???????. ???? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ???:
Philip C. (2004) Let the Words be Written: The Lasting Influence of Eugene A. Nida. Society of Biblical Literature.
[4] ????? ?????? ????? ?????? "??????".
[5] ?????? "Bible Translation".
[6] ????? ?? ??? ????? ???????? ??? ???????? ????????:
1- ????? ????? ??????? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??? ????????? ???????? ???? ???? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ??????? ???? ????? "?????? ??? ????" Translations of the Quran in Every Language? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ??? 1364??? ???????? ??? 1365??? ???????? ??? 1366??? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??? ???????? ??? 1980?? ?????? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ??????.
2- ????? ???????????? ???????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ??????? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ????????????? ???? ??????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ???? 1515 ?1980?? ??? ??? ???? ???? ??? ?? ???? ??????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????????.
[7] ??? ???? ??????? ??????? 1/258.
[8] ??? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ?? ????? ?? ??? ?? ????? ?? ??? ?? ???? t ?? ????? e ???? ?? ????? ???? (?? ???) ?????? "??? ????? ????? e ????? ???????? ????? ??? ????? ????". ??? ?????? 13/197 ??? (7195).
[9] ???? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ????? 1979? ??? ???????? ? 74-77.
[10] An Ancient Syriac Translation of the ?ur’?n Exhibiting New Verses and Variants.
[11] ?????? ?? ????????? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ????????? ??? ?? ??? ?? ????????????? ???????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?????? (??????? ? 18-20).
[12] ?/ ???? ??? ?? ??? ????? "????? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ???????: ?? ??????????? ???????? ??????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ??????"? ??? ???? ?? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ??????: ????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ???????? ?? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??? 1423??.
[13] ?????? ??????? ? 3 .
[14] ???? ?????? ?? ???????? ?? ???????? ????????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???? ??????? ???? ??? ??? ?? ???????? ??? ?????? ????????? ????????? ???? ??? ??? ???????? ??????? ????? ?? ???? ?/ ??? ?????????? ??????? ?? "?????? ???????? ?????? ??????: ????? ?????? ????????"? ?28-68.
??? ??????? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ??????? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ??????? ???? ?? ??? ??? ???? ??? ??????? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?? ??????? ?????????? ????? ??? ??? ?????????? ??????? ??????? ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ??? ?????? ???????? ?????? ????????? ?? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??????.
[15] ????:
1- Arberry, A. J. (1958) Classical Persian Literature. London. Pp. 40-41.
[16] ???? ??????? "?????????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ??????"? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ???????? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ???????? 1986?? ? 137-148 .
[17] ???? ???? ????? "??? ?????? ??? ?? ???? ???? ?????"? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ???????? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ???????? 1986?? ? 49-70 .
[18] ??? ???? ??? ??????? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ?/ ??? ?????? ???????? (?? ??????????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????????? ??? ????? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ??????) ?? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ?????????? ??? ??? ??? 2001 ?? ????? 829 ????. ????? ?. ?. ???? ???? ????? ?? ??????? ???? ??? ??? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ?? ????? ??? ???????? ??????:
"Translating The Holy Qur’an: Is There an Ultimate Translation of the Holy Qur’an"? ??: "?? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ??????".
[19] ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ??????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ????: ???? "????? ????? ?????? ??????" ?? ???? ????? ??????? ????????? ????? ????? ???? ??? ?? ??? ??????? ???? ??? ?????? ??????? ???????? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ???????? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????: "???? ??????? ??????? ???????? ?? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ???????".
[20] ????? ?? ???? ??????? ?????? ???? ????? ??? ??????? ??????? ???: ????? ?????? ??? ????? ?? 39 ??????? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ?? 27 ??????.
[21] Nida, E. (2001) “Bible translation”. In M. Baker (ed.) Encyclopedia of Translation Studies. Routledge: London. Pp. 22-28.
[22] Nida, E. & Taber, C. (1982) The Theory and Practice of Translation. Brill: Amsterdam.
[23] ?? ????? ???? ?? ??? ??? ????? ?? ????????? ????????? ??? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ??????? ???? ?? ????? ??? ?? ??????? ?? ??? ?????????? ???? ?????? ????? ???????:
You are quite right to question the statistics. We are very clear that when we say nearly 2500 languages, we refer to some Scripture portion published in these languages. The entire Bible has only been translated into some over 400 different languages. Normally, the New Testament is translated first and is published before the Old Testament. Among the Old Testament books, the Psalms are often published very early, and also the book of Genesis that tells about the Creation and the first people like Adam and Eve and then Noah and Abraham, for example.
??:
??? ??? ?? ?????? ?? ?????????? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ????? 2500 ????? ???? ???? ?? ???????? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ?? 400 ??? ??????. ????? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ??????? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ????? ????? ??? ??????? ???? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ??? ????? ???? ????????? ?????.
[24] ???? ?? ??? ?? ??????? ????? ??????? ??? ???????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??? ??????:
Finally, you ask whether translating into local dialects is warranted. When the King James Version was translated into English, English was merely a local dialect. Between the King James Version and Shakespeare’s plays, the English language became one of the world’s great languages. Martin Luther's translation did the same for German, and Bishop Samuel Crowther’s translation did the same for Yoruba. But of course, the Bible is translated primarily for religious reasons, and on religious grounds no language is unworthy of having its own translation of Sacred Scripture. Again, on this question we could go much further. For example, what do you mean by "local dialects"?
??:
??????? ??? ???? ?? ??????? ??????? ??? ??????? ???????? ????? ????? ???? ????? ???? ?? ??????? ??? ?????????? ?? ??? ?????????? ?? ??? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ???? ???????? ?????? ????? ?????????? ????? ?? ?????? ???????? ??????? ????? ??? ????? ??????? ??? ????? ????? ???? ??? ?????????? ???????? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ??? ???????? ???? ?? ???????? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ??? ??? ????? ??????? ?? ???? ??? ?? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ??????? ?????? (??? ?? ?????? ?? ????) ?? ???? ????? ???????? ???????.
[25] ???? ??? ?? ??? ?? ?? ???????? ??????????? ?? ????? ??????: http://www.bible-history? ??? 102 ????? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ???829 ????? ???? ??? ??? ????? ?? ??? ??????? ?????? ??? ??? ???????? ??? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ??????? ????????? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ?? ??? ?? ?????? ?? ???????? ?? ???? ????? ????? ???? ?? ??? ???????? ???? ???? ????????? ?? ????? ??????? ??? ??? ????? ????? ??????? ??????: http://www.geocities.com/bible_translations/english/htm
???? ?? ?? ??? ?? ????? ???? ??? ??????? ?? ?????????? ??:
Partly because there is a long history of translation in the English language, over 400 hundred years, partly because English is a major world language with a very active literary and publishing tradition, and partly because there are many Christian special interests in the Bible. Thus, church denominations and traditions like to have a version that they can especially identify with.
??:
?? ??? ???????: ??????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ??? 400 ???? ????? ?? ?????????? ?? ???? ?????? ???????? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ??? ???? ???? ????? ????? ?? ???? ???????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ???????? ??? ?? ????? ???????? ???????? ????? ????? ???? ?? ??????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????.
[26] ?????? ??????? ??? ?????????? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ?? "????? ?????? ??? ???????" ???? ???? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ?? ????? ?? ??? ??????? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ?? ??????? ????? ??? ??????? ??? ?????????? ?/ ???? ??? (Gary Mann)? ???????? ??????????? ??:An Open Letter on Translating? ??? ??????? ??? ????????.
??????? ???????
???? ????? ?? ???? ??????:
???? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ????????? ???????? : ?? ????? ?? ?????
????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????? ????????
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#3
 29-11-2006
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